While the final expulsion of the Portuguese in 1646 characteristically defines the “closed” period of early modern Japanese history, the real trade seclusion policy, this work argues, only came into place one century later when the ...

... tael is 11/12 fine silver of the weight of 1 Shanghai ( Chauping ) tael . We therefore have the following equations : — 1000 Shanghai money taels equal 1000 Chauping taels د , 91666 ( 1000x fine silver 39 pure silver equal 916.66 ) 1000 ...

... silver . This was either ' sycee ' , nominally 1,000 fine ( being pure silver of the Chinese standard ) , or current ' silver which varied with each tael : at Chusan the Tsaoping tael of value was 997 fine , and the Kiangping tael was ...

... silver coinage a gold price of 32 to 1 is arbitra- rily fixed , alleging that profits amounting to about 20 per cent ... taels silver , as the equivalent of 32 taels silver , while foreigners upon entering Chinese territory could ...

... silver coinage a gold price of 32 to 1 is arbitra- rily fixed , alleging that profits amounting to about 20 per cent ... taels silver , as the equivalent of 32 taels silver , while foreigners upon entering Chinese territory could ...

... taels for relief . ( This amount is very little and shows the treasury must have been much exhausted at the time . ) REFERENCE : Huang Chen Kao Liu . An edict was issued to retain 50,000 taels silver from the taxes in the four counties ...