1978, Master's in Private Law; 1981, qualified as Barrister; Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies postgraduate pre-PhD diploma in Political Science, with distinction, thesis on referendum of 27 April 1969; 1979-81, Paris Institut d'Etudes Politiques. 1988, Deputy, National Assembly; 1993-2002, Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine; 1993-95, Minister for the Budget and Government Spokesman; 1994-95, Minister for Communications; 1997, Coordinator and Spokesman, Transition Team; 1998, General Secretary then 1999, Acting Chairman, Rassemblement pour la République; Head, Rassemblement pour la République-Démocratie Libérale list for June 1999 European elections; 2002-04, Minister of the Interior, Internal Security and Local Freedoms; 2004, Ministre d'Etat, Minister for the Economy, Finance and Industry; Chairman, Hauts-de-Seine General Council; Chairman, Union pour un Mouvement Populaire; 2005-07, Minister of the Interior and Town and Country Planning; since 2007, President of France. Author: Georges Mandel, Le Moine de la Politique (1994); Au bout de la Passion, l'Equilibre: Entretien avec Michel Denisot (1995); Libre (2001); La République, les Religions, l'Espérance (2004).