WO2001016482A1 - Blade for a wind turbine - Google Patents

Blade for a wind turbine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001016482A1
WO2001016482A1 PCT/NL2000/000614 NL0000614W WO0116482A1 WO 2001016482 A1 WO2001016482 A1 WO 2001016482A1 NL 0000614 W NL0000614 W NL 0000614W WO 0116482 A1 WO0116482 A1 WO 0116482A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
blade
turbulence
blade according
free end
generating
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2000/000614
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
G. C. Corten
Original Assignee
Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland filed Critical Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland
Priority to AU73243/00A priority Critical patent/AU7324300A/en
Publication of WO2001016482A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001016482A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/0608—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape
    • F03D1/0633—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape of the blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F05B2240/306—Surface measures
    • F05B2240/3062—Vortex generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/96—Preventing, counteracting or reducing vibration or noise
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a blade for a wind turbine or the like, having a part which rotates in a flow of fluid, which blade comprises an attachment end, which is connected to the said wind turbine or such part, and a free end, which is at a distance from the attachment end, the blade comprising, at least in the vicinity of the free end, a profile which is optimized for a flow of fluid (air).
  • a blade of this type is generally known, and the flow-optimized profile exhibits considerable similarity to the profile of a standard aircraft wing or propeller blade. This means that, in the direction of movement of the blade, the incoming air firstly encounters a rounded part which on one side merges into a convex part and on the other side merges into a convex or concave part, which meet at a sharp point.
  • the incoming air firstly encounters a rounded part which on one side merges into a convex part and on the other side merges into a convex or concave part, which meet at a sharp point.
  • other flow-optimized profiles are also conceivable and the precise design of the optimized profile of the blade is not essential to the invention.
  • Wind turbines are being designed for increasingly higher outputs. However, it has been found that in wind turbine parks where there are a number of wind turbines there are inexplicable differences in output between the individual wind turbines. Moreover, it has been found that certain turbines sometimes provide a much lower output than ought to be expected on the basis of the prevailing wind. This phenomenon may last for both a very short period (a few hours) and a very long period. This problem has been found to occur in particular in generators designed for a relatively high output, for example from 180 kW and more particularly from 500 kW.
  • the object of the present invention is to avoid this drawback and to provide a blade with which it is possible to achieve an output from the corresponding wind turbine which can be successfully predicted in advance, without inexplicable falls in the efficiency.
  • this object is achieved in that adjacent to one of the ends, turbulence-generating members are arranged near that side which lies upstream as seen in the direction of movement of the blade.
  • the turbulence generators or vortex generators may be arranged on both the pressure side and the suction side of the blade, from the first point of contact between the air flow and the blade. Vortex generators of this type are preferably arranged on the suction side of the blade.
  • suction side is understood as meaning the side extending from the upstream stagnation point to the back edge which is under the low pressure.
  • the vortex generators in the vicinity of the free end achieve the additional advantage that the noise production is limited. This is because the avoidance of stalling makes it possible to avoid undesirable noise production.
  • the vortex generators may comprise any part of any shape which is known in the prior art. They are preferably designed as triangular flaps. More particularly, a series of these generators is arranged on the wing profile. This series may have a common base.
  • the length of each generator that is to say the distance which it has in common with the adjoining surface of the wing profile, is approximately 3% of the chord length of the wing profile at this location.
  • the chord is the distance between the front and rear points (in a straight line) of the curve which runs through the profile and is at an equal distance from the underside and the top side of the blade.
  • the length value referred to here is only an example. The same applies to the height.
  • the latter is approximately 1% of the chord length.
  • Height is understood as being the distance over which the flap extends from the surface of the blade. In practice, this will mean that a height of this nature is at most 10 cm.
  • the distance between two vortex generators in a series may be selected as a function of the flow conditions and is, for example, 1/10 of the chord length described above.
  • a further advantage involved with positioning the vortex generators in the vicinity of the tip is that it has been found that the installation of vortex generators means that the output does not fall suddenly even at high wind speeds.
  • vortex generators In addition to the arrangement of vortex generators, it has been found that it is also possible to reduce a sudden loss in efficiency by allowing the free end of the blade to extend in the upstream direction.
  • the distance over which the free end runs upstream is preferably of the order of magnitude of the chord length of the blade at the location of the bending point.
  • the effect of vortex generators may also be achieved by air jets arranged at an angle; a flow of air is blown outwards through small holes in the profile, at an angle to the principal flow.
  • Fig. 1 shows a very diagrammatic view of a very general structure of a wind turbine provided with two blades
  • Fig. 2 shows the detail given in Fig. 1 ;
  • Fig. 3 shows a blade in accordance with Fig. 1 in which the vortex generators are shown positioned on the suction side; and Fig. 4 shows a detailed view, similar to that of Fig. 2, of an amended embodiment of the end of the blade.
  • a wind turbine is denoted overall by 1. It comprises a conventional post on which a machine housing 2 is arranged. From this there extends a shaft (not shown in more detail) which is coupled to a hub 3, to which two blades 4 are attached by means of the associated attachment end 8. The free end of the blades is denoted by 9.
  • the length of the blades provided with a particular flow profile is indicated by L.
  • the attachment part 8 will generally comprise a simple cylindrical pipe which merges smoothly into flow profile L.
  • length L is selected as a function of the output to be generated by the wind turbine.
  • An example which may be mentioned is a value of between 5 and 100 metres. According to the invention, particular measures are taken in the encircled region but also outside this region.
  • This region is shown in more detail in Fig. 2. From this figure, it can be seen that the height of this region is 1 and this height is preferably less than 20% of the length L of the blade.
  • the pressure side is indicated by 6, while the suction side is indicated by 5.
  • the upstream side is 10 and the downstream side is 11.
  • turbulence-generating generators 12 and 13 in the vicinity of the upstream side there are two series of turbulence-generating generators 12 and 13.
  • these generators are triangular flaps which have a common base part. They may, for example, be prefabricated as lengths of 1 metre.
  • These vortex generators are preferably in any case arranged on side 5 and may in addition be arranged on side 6.
  • a single series is shown each time, but it is also possible to use a number of series which are parallel to one another or even to have an arbitrary arrangement within a defined region.
  • Vortex generators of this type preferably consist of flexible material, so that during transport they can easily be pressed against the corresponding blade without permanent damage occurring while it is ensured that they spring back into the desired position.
  • Vortex generator patterns of this nature enables the stability of the blade to be improved considerably under different wind conditions, and a more successfully predictable output and improved efficiency can be obtained without a sudden fall in efficiency for a relatively long or short time.
  • Vortex generators may comprise any material which is known in the prior art. They may, for example, be aluminium parts which are 0.5 mm thick.
  • Fig. 4 shows a further measure which can be used optionally in combination with the measures shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The free end of the blade is bent towards the arriving flow. The length of this bent end is denoted by N and approximately corresponds to the length of the chord C at the location of the said bending point. It should be understood that this measure can be used both in combination with the vortex generators described above and as a stand-alone measure, that is to say without the presence of turbulence-generating generators of this nature in the vicinity of one of the ends.

Abstract

Blade for a wind turbine, and wind turbine provided with a blade of this type. To optimize operation, i.e. to prevent a fall in efficiency occurring, it is proposed for the blade, adjacent of its free end, to be provided with turbulence-generating generators (12). These generators are preferably arranged at the transition between the furthest upstream part of the blade and the pressure side of the blade profile. It is assumed that the blade comprises a flow-optimized profile. Further improvement can be achieved if the free end is provided with a projection extending upstream.

Description

Blade for a wind turbine
The present invention relates to a blade for a wind turbine or the like, having a part which rotates in a flow of fluid, which blade comprises an attachment end, which is connected to the said wind turbine or such part, and a free end, which is at a distance from the attachment end, the blade comprising, at least in the vicinity of the free end, a profile which is optimized for a flow of fluid (air).
A blade of this type is generally known, and the flow-optimized profile exhibits considerable similarity to the profile of a standard aircraft wing or propeller blade. This means that, in the direction of movement of the blade, the incoming air firstly encounters a rounded part which on one side merges into a convex part and on the other side merges into a convex or concave part, which meet at a sharp point. However, it should be understood that other flow-optimized profiles are also conceivable and the precise design of the optimized profile of the blade is not essential to the invention.
Wind turbines are being designed for increasingly higher outputs. However, it has been found that in wind turbine parks where there are a number of wind turbines there are inexplicable differences in output between the individual wind turbines. Moreover, it has been found that certain turbines sometimes provide a much lower output than ought to be expected on the basis of the prevailing wind. This phenomenon may last for both a very short period (a few hours) and a very long period. This problem has been found to occur in particular in generators designed for a relatively high output, for example from 180 kW and more particularly from 500 kW.
The object of the present invention is to avoid this drawback and to provide a blade with which it is possible to achieve an output from the corresponding wind turbine which can be successfully predicted in advance, without inexplicable falls in the efficiency.
In a blade as described above, this object is achieved in that adjacent to one of the ends, turbulence-generating members are arranged near that side which lies upstream as seen in the direction of movement of the blade.
It is assumed that the fall in efficiency described above results from the fact that the tip, that is to say the free end of the blade and/or the attachment end, under certain circumstances reaches a stable stalled state. When the flow in the vicinity of the tip is released, vibrations are detected. These may be low-frequency vibrations. In an exceptional situation, it has even been observed that the blades begin to vibrate in the plane in which they rotate, which may ultimately lead to the blades breaking in the vicinity of the main shaft of the turbine. However, it should be understood that the question of whether the above explanation is correct is not connected with the validity of the appended claims.
It has been found that arranging vortex generators in the vicinity of the free end and more particularly in the vicinity of the upstream end of the wing, although possibly leading to a slight fall in efficiency, makes it possible to avoid the sometimes sudden fall in output.
The turbulence generators or vortex generators may be arranged on both the pressure side and the suction side of the blade, from the first point of contact between the air flow and the blade. Vortex generators of this type are preferably arranged on the suction side of the blade. In this context, the term suction side is understood as meaning the side extending from the upstream stagnation point to the back edge which is under the low pressure.
Apart from the intended object of preventing sudden changes in output from the wind turbine, the vortex generators in the vicinity of the free end achieve the additional advantage that the noise production is limited. This is because the avoidance of stalling makes it possible to avoid undesirable noise production.
The vortex generators may comprise any part of any shape which is known in the prior art. They are preferably designed as triangular flaps. More particularly, a series of these generators is arranged on the wing profile. This series may have a common base. The length of each generator, that is to say the distance which it has in common with the adjoining surface of the wing profile, is approximately 3% of the chord length of the wing profile at this location. The chord is the distance between the front and rear points (in a straight line) of the curve which runs through the profile and is at an equal distance from the underside and the top side of the blade. However, it should be understood that the length value referred to here is only an example. The same applies to the height. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the latter is approximately 1% of the chord length. Height is understood as being the distance over which the flap extends from the surface of the blade. In practice, this will mean that a height of this nature is at most 10 cm. The distance between two vortex generators in a series may be selected as a function of the flow conditions and is, for example, 1/10 of the chord length described above.
Apart from a series of vortex generators positioned next to one another, it is also possible to arrange two or more series of generators arranged parallel to one another, i.e. parallel with respect to the longitudinal axis of the blade, on one or both sides of the blade.
It is also possible to optimize the shape of a series of vortex generators. A particularly efficient design is obtained if a series of this type describes a line which extends from the upstream side of the free end in the direction of the attachment end towards the downstream end and then back towards the upstream end again. As a result, a type of U-shaped profile is obtained.
A further advantage involved with positioning the vortex generators in the vicinity of the tip is that it has been found that the installation of vortex generators means that the output does not fall suddenly even at high wind speeds.
In addition to the arrangement of vortex generators, it has been found that it is also possible to reduce a sudden loss in efficiency by allowing the free end of the blade to extend in the upstream direction. The distance over which the free end runs upstream is preferably of the order of magnitude of the chord length of the blade at the location of the bending point. The effect of vortex generators may also be achieved by air jets arranged at an angle; a flow of air is blown outwards through small holes in the profile, at an angle to the principal flow.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawing, in which: Fig. 1 shows a very diagrammatic view of a very general structure of a wind turbine provided with two blades;
Fig. 2 shows the detail given in Fig. 1 ;
Fig. 3 shows a blade in accordance with Fig. 1 in which the vortex generators are shown positioned on the suction side; and Fig. 4 shows a detailed view, similar to that of Fig. 2, of an amended embodiment of the end of the blade.
In Fig. 1, a wind turbine is denoted overall by 1. It comprises a conventional post on which a machine housing 2 is arranged. From this there extends a shaft (not shown in more detail) which is coupled to a hub 3, to which two blades 4 are attached by means of the associated attachment end 8. The free end of the blades is denoted by 9. The length of the blades provided with a particular flow profile is indicated by L. The attachment part 8 will generally comprise a simple cylindrical pipe which merges smoothly into flow profile L. Naturally, length L is selected as a function of the output to be generated by the wind turbine. An example which may be mentioned is a value of between 5 and 100 metres. According to the invention, particular measures are taken in the encircled region but also outside this region. This region is shown in more detail in Fig. 2. From this figure, it can be seen that the height of this region is 1 and this height is preferably less than 20% of the length L of the blade. The pressure side is indicated by 6, while the suction side is indicated by 5. The upstream side is 10 and the downstream side is 11.
It can be seen from Fig. 2 that in the vicinity of the upstream side there are two series of turbulence-generating generators 12 and 13. In this example, these generators are triangular flaps which have a common base part. They may, for example, be prefabricated as lengths of 1 metre. These vortex generators are preferably in any case arranged on side 5 and may in addition be arranged on side 6. In the example illustrated, a single series is shown each time, but it is also possible to use a number of series which are parallel to one another or even to have an arbitrary arrangement within a defined region. Vortex generators of this type preferably consist of flexible material, so that during transport they can easily be pressed against the corresponding blade without permanent damage occurring while it is ensured that they spring back into the desired position.
Instead of the straight pattern which is known, it is possible to use a U-shaped pattern. This is shown in Fig. 3, and the line followed in this figure bears the reference numeral 14. This pattern increases the output.
Vortex generator patterns of this nature enables the stability of the blade to be improved considerably under different wind conditions, and a more successfully predictable output and improved efficiency can be obtained without a sudden fall in efficiency for a relatively long or short time.
Vortex generators may comprise any material which is known in the prior art. They may, for example, be aluminium parts which are 0.5 mm thick. Fig. 4 shows a further measure which can be used optionally in combination with the measures shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The free end of the blade is bent towards the arriving flow. The length of this bent end is denoted by N and approximately corresponds to the length of the chord C at the location of the said bending point. It should be understood that this measure can be used both in combination with the vortex generators described above and as a stand-alone measure, that is to say without the presence of turbulence-generating generators of this nature in the vicinity of one of the ends.
Although the invention has been described above with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be immediately understood by a person skilled in the art that numerous modifications are possible and lie within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. Blade (4) for a wind turbine or the like, having a part which rotates in a flow of fluid, which blade comprises an attachment end (8), which is connected to the said wind turbine or such part, and a free end (9), which is at a distance from the attachment end, the blade comprising, at least in the vicinity of the free end, a profile which is optimized for a flow of fluid (air), characterized in that adjacent to one of the ends, turbulence-generating members (12, 13) are arranged near that side (10) which lies upstream as seen in the direction of movement of the blade.
2. Blade according to Claim 1, in which the said turbulence-generating members comprise vortex generators.
3. Blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the said turbulence-generating members comprise air jets in the said blade.
4. Blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the said optimized profile comprises a pressure side and a suction side and the turbulence-generating generators are arranged at the transition between the furthest upstream part and the pressure side.
5. Blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the said optimized profile comprises a pressure side and a suction side and the turbulence-generating generators are arranged at the transition between the furthest upstream part and the suction side.
6. Blade according to Claim 2, in which the turbulence-generating profile comprises a flap which, from the blade surface, extends at most 1/3 tip chord measured at 10% of the length of the blade from its free end.
7. Blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the turbulence- generating profile comprises profiles spaced from one another in the longitudinal direction of the blade.
8. Blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the turbulence- generating profile comprises a series of turbulence-generating profile parts which are positioned in series.
9. Blade according to Claim 6, in which the said series describes a line (14) which extends from the upstream side (10) of the attachment end, in the direction of the free end, towards the downstream end (11), and then towards the upstream end (10).
10. Blade according to Claim 6 or 7, in which the said series extends from the free end within a region of the blade which forms less than 20% of the length L of the blade.
11. Blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the free end is provided with a projection (15) projecting in the upstream direction.
12. Wind turbine, comprising a blade according to one of the preceding claims.
PCT/NL2000/000614 1999-09-01 2000-09-01 Blade for a wind turbine WO2001016482A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU73243/00A AU7324300A (en) 1999-09-01 2000-09-01 Blade for a wind turbine

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1012949 1999-09-01
NL1012949A NL1012949C2 (en) 1999-09-01 1999-09-01 Blade for a wind turbine.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001016482A1 true WO2001016482A1 (en) 2001-03-08

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PCT/NL2000/000614 WO2001016482A1 (en) 1999-09-01 2000-09-01 Blade for a wind turbine

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU7324300A (en)
NL (1) NL1012949C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2001016482A1 (en)

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