DE19614420A1 - Rotor blade for wind power plant - Google Patents
Rotor blade for wind power plantInfo
- Publication number
- DE19614420A1 DE19614420A1 DE19614420A DE19614420A DE19614420A1 DE 19614420 A1 DE19614420 A1 DE 19614420A1 DE 19614420 A DE19614420 A DE 19614420A DE 19614420 A DE19614420 A DE 19614420A DE 19614420 A1 DE19614420 A1 DE 19614420A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- rotor blade
- edge
- rotor
- rear edge
- gradation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D1/06—Rotors
- F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
- F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
- B64C27/32—Rotors
- B64C27/46—Blades
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
- F04D29/32—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
- F04D29/38—Blades
- F04D29/384—Blades characterised by form
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
- F04D29/68—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers
- F04D29/681—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/20—Rotors
- F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
- F05B2240/301—Cross-section characteristics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2260/00—Function
- F05B2260/96—Preventing, counteracting or reducing vibration or noise
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/20—Rotors
- F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
- F05D2240/304—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor related to the trailing edge of a rotor blade
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
Abstract
Description
Rotorblätter für Windenergieanlagen sind in vielfacher Form bekannt. Leider haftet vielen Rotorblättern das Problem an, daß sie in einem nicht unerheblichen Maße bei Betrieb der Windenergieanlage und bei Windstärken ab 5-6 m/sec nicht un erhebliche Schallemissionen erzeugen, was aus Lärmschutzgründen besonders dann unangenehm ist, wenn die Windenergieanlage in der Nähe von Wohngebäuden aufgestellt wird. Die mit einer Windenergieanlage, bzw. einem Windenergiekonver ter bislang sich einstellenden Schallemissionen führen auch dazu, daß Windenergie anlagen aufgrund der Lärmentstehung Widerstände aus breiten Bevölkerungskreisen entgegentreten und sich diese Anlagen deswegen teilweise schwer oder gar nicht durchsetzen können, da die Genehmigungsbehörden wegen der bestehenden Umweltauflagen - auch Lärm zählt zur Umweltbelastung - die Genehmigung von Windenergieanlagen verweigern.Rotor blades for wind turbines are known in many forms. Unfortunately, is liable many rotor blades the problem that they contribute to a not inconsiderable degree Operation of the wind turbine and at wind speeds from 5-6 m / sec not un generate significant noise emissions, which is particularly important for noise protection reasons is uncomfortable if the wind turbine near residential buildings is set up. The one with a wind turbine or a wind energy converter The noise emissions that have occurred so far also lead to wind energy due to the noise generation, resistance from broad sections of the population oppose and therefore these facilities sometimes difficult or not at all can enforce, because the licensing authorities because of the existing Environmental regulations - noise is also part of the environmental impact - the approval of Deny wind turbines.
Es ist daher Ziel der Erfindung, die Schallemissionen von Windenergieanlagen zu verringern.It is therefore the aim of the invention to reduce the noise emissions from wind turbines to decrease.
Dieses Ziel wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch erreicht, daß im Bereich der Rotorblatt hinterkante eines Rotors eine den Querschnitt des Rotorblatts verringernde Abstufung angeordnet ist; vorzugsweise ist die Abstufung sowohl auf der Druck- als auch auf der Saugseite der Hinterkante des Rotorblattes vorgesehen. This goal is achieved in that in the area of the rotor blade trailing edge of a rotor a reducing the cross section of the rotor blade Gradation is arranged; preferably the gradation is both on the print as also provided on the suction side of the rear edge of the rotor blade.
Die erfindungsgemäße Maßnahme hat zur Folge, daß anders als bei der herkömm lichen Lösung - siehe Fig. 1 -, bei der die Luftströmungen der Druck- und Saugseite an der Blatthinterkante ungehindert zusammentreffen, bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Rotorblatt die Strömungen durch die Stufen verwirbelt werden - siehe Fig. 2 - und erst dann diffus und mit geringerer Geschwindigkeit zusammentreffen.The measure according to the invention has the result that, unlike in the conventional solution - see Fig. 1 - in which the air flows of the pressure and suction side meet unhindered at the trailing edge of the blade, the flows through the steps are swirled in the rotor blade according to the invention - see Fig. 2 - and only then meet diffusely and at a slower speed.
Bei ersten Versuchen im Windkanal wurde eine deutliche Minderung des Geräusch pegels festgestellt. Bei diesen Versuchen betrug die Abstufungstiefe ca. 2 mm und die Abstufung selbst war etwa 15 mm von der Rotorblatthinterkante entfernt.During the first tests in the wind tunnel, the noise was significantly reduced level determined. In these tests, the gradation depth was approx. 2 mm and the gradation itself was about 15 mm from the rear edge of the rotor blade.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen können sehr leicht in der Rotorblattproduktion umgesetzt werden und haben keine Minderung der Rotorblattleistung zur Folge.The measures according to the invention can be very easily in the rotor blade production are implemented and do not result in a reduction in the rotor blade performance.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines zeichnerisch dargestellten Aus führungsbeispiels näher erläutert. In der Zeichnung stellen dar:The invention is described below with reference to a drawing management example explained in more detail. In the drawing:
Fig. 1 Einen Querschnitt durch ein herkömmliches Rotorblatt, Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional rotor blade,
Fig. 2 Einen Querschnitt durch ein erfindungsgemäßes Rotorblatt. Fig. 2 shows a cross section through an inventive rotor blade.
In Fig. 1 ist ein herkömmliches Rotorblatt 1 im Querschnitt dargestellt. Dieses Rotorblatt 1 weist eine Druckseite 2 und eine Saugseite 3 auf. Sowohl Druck- als auch Saugseite werden von entsprechenden Luftströmungen 4 und 5 überstrichen. Im Bereich der Rotorblatthinterkante 6 treffen diese Strömungen ungehindert aufeinander und erzeugen - so denn die Bewegungsvektoren über einen bestimmten Betrag verfügen - eine nicht unerhebliche Schallemission im Frequenzbereich von 1000 bis 4000 Hz. Diese Schallemission kann sich als sehr störend für Personen auswirken, welche sich in der Nähe einer Windenergieanlage aufhalten und der Schallemission ununterbrochen ausgesetzt sind.In Fig. 1, a conventional rotor blade 1 is shown in cross section. This rotor blade 1 has a pressure side 2 and a suction side 3 . Both the pressure side and the suction side are covered by corresponding air flows 4 and 5 . In the area of the rotor blade trailing edge 6 , these flows meet each other unhindered and - because the motion vectors have a certain amount - generate a not inconsiderable sound emission in the frequency range from 1000 to 4000 Hz. This sound emission can be very disturbing for people who are in the Stay close to a wind turbine and be continuously exposed to noise.
In Fig. 2 ist ein erfindungsgemäßes Rotorblatt im Querschnitt dargestellt, bei dem im Bereich der Rotorblatthinterkante 6 sowohl auf der Druckseite 2 als auch auf der Saugseite 3 des Rotorblatts 1 Abstufungen 7 und 8 in das Rotorblatt eingelassen sind, welche den Querschnitt des Rotorblatts verringern. Die Abstufungen sind im gezeigten Beispiel übertrieben stark dargestellt, um den strömungstechnischen Verwirbelungseffekt besser zu zeigen. Kommt die Luftströmung an einer Seite des Rotorblatts an die Abstufung, so wird sie dort verwirbelt und die verwirbelten Luftströmungen treffen bei Verlassen der Rotorblatthinterkante diffus und mit verringerter Geschwindigkeit aufeinander. Die dann noch entstehenden Schall verringerter Geschwindigkeit aufeinander. Die dann noch entstehenden Schall emissionen verfügen über einen erheblich geringeren Schallpegel, als bei bekannten Rotorblättern.In Fig. 2 shows an inventive rotor blade is shown in cross-section, 1 gradations in which the region of the rotor blade trailing edge 6, both on the pressure side 2 and on the suction side 3 of the rotor blade embedded in the rotor blade 7 and 8, which reduce the cross section of the rotor blade. The gradations are exaggerated in the example shown in order to better show the fluid turbulence effect. If the air flow comes to the gradation on one side of the rotor blade, it is swirled there and the swirled air flows meet diffusely and at a reduced speed when leaving the rear edge of the rotor blade. The then still occurring sound of reduced speed on each other. The resulting noise emissions have a significantly lower sound level than with known rotor blades.
Eine Schallpegelverringerung wird auch dann erreicht, wenn die Abstufung nur an einer Seite des Rotorblatts vorgesehen wird. Die besten Messungen in einem Windkanal konnten jedoch erzielt werden, wenn die Abstufungen im Bereich der Rotorblatthinterkante an beiden Seiten des Rotorblatts eingelassen wurden.A sound level reduction is also achieved if the gradation is only on one side of the rotor blade is provided. The best measurements in one However, wind tunnels could be achieved if the gradations in the area of The rear edge of the rotor blade was embedded on both sides of the rotor blade.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19614420A DE19614420C2 (en) | 1996-04-12 | 1996-04-12 | Rotor blade and wind turbine with a rotor blade |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19614420A DE19614420C2 (en) | 1996-04-12 | 1996-04-12 | Rotor blade and wind turbine with a rotor blade |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE19614420A1 true DE19614420A1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
DE19614420C2 DE19614420C2 (en) | 2003-05-22 |
Family
ID=7791046
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19614420A Expired - Lifetime DE19614420C2 (en) | 1996-04-12 | 1996-04-12 | Rotor blade and wind turbine with a rotor blade |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
DE (1) | DE19614420C2 (en) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19738278A1 (en) * | 1997-09-02 | 1999-03-04 | Felix Hafner | Adaptive rotor for wind power plants |
FR2802579A1 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-06-22 | Jeumont Ind | Centrifugal pump or compressor blade has triangular section channel forming three or more edges in trailing edge |
EP1141543A1 (en) † | 1998-12-09 | 2001-10-10 | Aloys Wobben | Reduction in the noise produced by a rotor blade of a wind turbine |
DE19743694C2 (en) * | 1997-10-02 | 2001-11-15 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade and wind turbine with one rotor blade |
WO2003019014A1 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2003-03-06 | Nikolaos Papageorgiou | Method for improving the efficiency of airfoils/hydrofoils |
WO2004061298A2 (en) | 2003-01-02 | 2004-07-22 | Aloys Wobben | Wind turbine rotor blade with reduced noise emission |
DE202009014235U1 (en) | 2009-10-21 | 2010-01-14 | Glunz, Josef | Horizontal axes wind generator |
DE102012000376A1 (en) * | 2012-01-12 | 2013-07-18 | Ebm-Papst St. Georgen Gmbh & Co. Kg | Axial or diagonal fan |
KR101291663B1 (en) | 2011-09-29 | 2013-08-01 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | Turbine blade and wind turbine equipped whit the same |
US8550777B2 (en) | 2007-08-29 | 2013-10-08 | Lm Glasfiber A/S | Wind turbine blade and blade element combination and method of changing the aerodynamic profile of a wind turbine blade |
EP2778392A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-17 | General Electric Company | A rotor blade for a wind turbine |
DE102016117012A1 (en) | 2016-09-09 | 2018-03-15 | Wobben Properties Gmbh | Wind turbine rotor blade |
WO2019105517A1 (en) * | 2017-12-01 | 2019-06-06 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Wind turbine blade |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10244022B4 (en) * | 2002-09-21 | 2005-03-10 | Aloys Wobben | rotor blade |
DE10300284A1 (en) * | 2003-01-02 | 2004-07-15 | Aloys Wobben | Turbine rotor blade for wind-powered energy plant has tip region curved or angled in direction of rotor blade trailing edge |
DE102005051931B4 (en) * | 2005-10-29 | 2007-08-09 | Nordex Energy Gmbh | Rotor blade for wind turbines |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB731526A (en) * | 1951-04-23 | 1955-06-08 | Howden James & Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to radial flow impellers |
US2819837A (en) * | 1952-06-19 | 1958-01-14 | Laval Steam Turbine Co | Compressor |
US3565548A (en) * | 1969-01-24 | 1971-02-23 | Gen Electric | Transonic buckets for axial flow turbines |
GB2032048A (en) * | 1978-07-15 | 1980-04-30 | English Electric Co Ltd | Boundary layer control device |
US4408958A (en) * | 1980-12-23 | 1983-10-11 | The Bendix Corporation | Wind turbine blade |
EP0652367A1 (en) * | 1993-11-04 | 1995-05-10 | Stork Product Engineering B.V. | Noise reduction for wind turbine |
US5417548A (en) * | 1994-01-14 | 1995-05-23 | Midwest Research Institute | Root region airfoil for wind turbine |
DE4428730A1 (en) * | 1994-08-15 | 1996-02-22 | Biotech Gmbh Zwickau Planungs | Metallic rotor blade for wind powered systems |
-
1996
- 1996-04-12 DE DE19614420A patent/DE19614420C2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB731526A (en) * | 1951-04-23 | 1955-06-08 | Howden James & Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to radial flow impellers |
US2819837A (en) * | 1952-06-19 | 1958-01-14 | Laval Steam Turbine Co | Compressor |
US3565548A (en) * | 1969-01-24 | 1971-02-23 | Gen Electric | Transonic buckets for axial flow turbines |
GB2032048A (en) * | 1978-07-15 | 1980-04-30 | English Electric Co Ltd | Boundary layer control device |
US4408958A (en) * | 1980-12-23 | 1983-10-11 | The Bendix Corporation | Wind turbine blade |
EP0652367A1 (en) * | 1993-11-04 | 1995-05-10 | Stork Product Engineering B.V. | Noise reduction for wind turbine |
US5417548A (en) * | 1994-01-14 | 1995-05-23 | Midwest Research Institute | Root region airfoil for wind turbine |
DE4428730A1 (en) * | 1994-08-15 | 1996-02-22 | Biotech Gmbh Zwickau Planungs | Metallic rotor blade for wind powered systems |
Cited By (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19738278A1 (en) * | 1997-09-02 | 1999-03-04 | Felix Hafner | Adaptive rotor for wind power plants |
DE19743694C2 (en) * | 1997-10-02 | 2001-11-15 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade and wind turbine with one rotor blade |
US6398502B1 (en) | 1997-10-02 | 2002-06-04 | Aloys Wobben | Quiet rotor blade and wind energy installation equipped with rotor blades of this type |
EP1141543A1 (en) † | 1998-12-09 | 2001-10-10 | Aloys Wobben | Reduction in the noise produced by a rotor blade of a wind turbine |
US6729846B1 (en) | 1998-12-09 | 2004-05-04 | Aloys Wobben | Reduction in the noise produced by a rotor blade of a wind turbine |
EP1141543B2 (en) † | 1998-12-09 | 2013-11-20 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade of a wind turbine |
US7108485B2 (en) | 1998-12-09 | 2006-09-19 | Aloys Wobben | Reduction in the noise produced by a rotor blade of a wind turbine |
FR2802579A1 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-06-22 | Jeumont Ind | Centrifugal pump or compressor blade has triangular section channel forming three or more edges in trailing edge |
WO2001046593A1 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-06-28 | Jeumont Sa | Blade of a centrifuge machine and method for regulating the performance of said blade |
WO2003019014A1 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2003-03-06 | Nikolaos Papageorgiou | Method for improving the efficiency of airfoils/hydrofoils |
US7841836B2 (en) | 2003-01-02 | 2010-11-30 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade for a wind power plant |
US7540716B2 (en) | 2003-01-02 | 2009-06-02 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade for a wind power plant |
EP2469077A2 (en) | 2003-01-02 | 2012-06-27 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade for a wind energy facility |
US8241002B2 (en) | 2003-01-02 | 2012-08-14 | Aloys Wobben | Rotor blade for a wind power plant |
WO2004061298A2 (en) | 2003-01-02 | 2004-07-22 | Aloys Wobben | Wind turbine rotor blade with reduced noise emission |
US8550777B2 (en) | 2007-08-29 | 2013-10-08 | Lm Glasfiber A/S | Wind turbine blade and blade element combination and method of changing the aerodynamic profile of a wind turbine blade |
DE202009014235U1 (en) | 2009-10-21 | 2010-01-14 | Glunz, Josef | Horizontal axes wind generator |
KR101291663B1 (en) | 2011-09-29 | 2013-08-01 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | Turbine blade and wind turbine equipped whit the same |
DE102012000376A1 (en) * | 2012-01-12 | 2013-07-18 | Ebm-Papst St. Georgen Gmbh & Co. Kg | Axial or diagonal fan |
DE102012000376B4 (en) * | 2012-01-12 | 2013-08-14 | Ebm-Papst St. Georgen Gmbh & Co. Kg | Axial or diagonal fan |
EP2778392A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-17 | General Electric Company | A rotor blade for a wind turbine |
US9377005B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-06-28 | General Electric Company | Airfoil modifiers for wind turbine rotor blades |
DE102016117012A1 (en) | 2016-09-09 | 2018-03-15 | Wobben Properties Gmbh | Wind turbine rotor blade |
WO2018046519A1 (en) | 2016-09-09 | 2018-03-15 | Wobben Properties Gmbh | Wind turbine rotor blade |
RU2709228C1 (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2019-12-17 | Воббен Пропертиз Гмбх | Wind turbine rotor blade |
US10767625B2 (en) | 2016-09-09 | 2020-09-08 | Wobben Properties Gmbh | Wind turbine rotor blade |
WO2019105517A1 (en) * | 2017-12-01 | 2019-06-06 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Wind turbine blade |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE19614420C2 (en) | 2003-05-22 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
OM8 | Search report available as to paragraph 43 lit. 1 sentence 1 patent law | ||
8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
8304 | Grant after examination procedure | ||
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
R071 | Expiry of right |