CN101427023A - 直接驱动的风力涡轮机 - Google Patents

直接驱动的风力涡轮机 Download PDF

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CN101427023A
CN101427023A CNA2005800115019A CN200580011501A CN101427023A CN 101427023 A CN101427023 A CN 101427023A CN A2005800115019 A CNA2005800115019 A CN A2005800115019A CN 200580011501 A CN200580011501 A CN 200580011501A CN 101427023 A CN101427023 A CN 101427023A
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generator
cabin
wind turbine
axle
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CN101427023B (zh
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G·拜沃特斯
W·丹福思
C·佰温顿
J·斯托威尔
D·柯斯汀
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Northern Power Systems Inc
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/0244Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor for braking
    • F03D7/0248Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor for braking by mechanical means acting on the power train
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/70Bearing or lubricating arrangements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/10Structural association with clutches, brakes, gears, pulleys or mechanical starters
    • H02K7/102Structural association with clutches, brakes, gears, pulleys or mechanical starters with friction brakes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H02K7/1838Generators mounted in a nacelle or similar structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00Application
    • F05B2220/70Application in combination with
    • F05B2220/706Application in combination with an electrical generator
    • F05B2220/7066Application in combination with an electrical generator via a direct connection, i.e. a gearless transmission
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00Components
    • F05B2240/10Stators
    • F05B2240/14Casings, housings, nacelles, gondels or the like, protecting or supporting assemblies there within
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02KDYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K13/00Structural associations of current collectors with motors or generators, e.g. brush mounting plates or connections to windings; Disposition of current collectors in motors or generators; Arrangements for improving commutation
    • H02K13/003Structural associations of slip-rings
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Abstract

提供一种风力涡轮机,其最小化驱动装置和机舱,同时维护在塔顶的电力电子装置和变压器。所述涡轮机包括直接驱动的发电机,其具有成整体的盘式制动装置,所述盘式制动装置在定子内径向放置,且使潜在的污染最小化。所述涡轮机进一步包括用于将变压器安装在所述塔内、所述机舱下的装置。

Description

直接驱动的风力涡轮机
技术领域
本公开通常涉及风力涡轮机,具体地涉及在涡轮机和发电机之间具有直接连接的风力涡轮机。
背景技术
历史上,风已成为提供必要的能源支持我们需求的最广泛应用的自然资源之一。随着能源需求增加以及矿物燃料供应减少,导致电力公司重新着眼于可替代的产生电力的方法。一产生电的方法涉及通过风力涡轮机利用风来驱动发电机。
风力涡轮机一般涉及使用固定到塔顶的绕水平轴线旋转的一系列叶片。该叶片具有气动形状,从而当风吹过叶片的表面时,产生升力,引起该叶片系列使轴(shaft)绕轴线旋转。该轴一般通过齿轮装置连接到发电机,该发电机位于称作为机舱的机构中,该机舱位于叶片后。齿轮箱将叶片的旋转运动转变成该发电机可使用的速度,来产生频率对其正供电的输电线网合适的电。
机舱容纳现代高容量风力涡轮机需要的许多部件。除了前述的齿轮箱和发电机外,其它部件包括绕风力涡轮机旋转的偏航驱动装置(yawdrive)、多种控制器以及用于使发电机减速的制动装置(brake)。由于期望保持机舱尽可能的小,以及鉴于必须位于机舱中的装置的相对大的零件的数量,空间变得很珍贵。这通常导致制造风力涡轮机的困难,以及一旦安装风力涡轮机,在机舱中执行维修操作的困难。
因此,考虑期望提供一种风力涡轮机,其最小化机舱的尺寸,同时提供维修期间到部件的足够的通道。
发明内容
提供一种风力涡轮机,其包括具有一叶片转子毂的一机舱,其邻近所述机舱。所述涡轮机具有一主轴,其连接到所述毂和所述机舱。一发电机连接到所述机舱和所述毂间的所述轴,其中所述发电机包括邻近所述轴的发电机转子。此外,一定子邻近所述发电机转子且自其径向向外放置,以及一制动装置连接到所述发电机和所述轴,从而所述制动装置自所述定子径向向内放置。
此外,提供一种风力涡轮机,其包括一塔,其具有安装在一端的偏航轴承。具有一底板的一机舱连接到所述偏航轴承,以及一变压器相对于所述机舱,放置在所述塔内。在第一可替换实施例中,所述变压器由链条悬置。在第二可替换实施例中,所述变压器悬置在一容器中的粘性流体中,所述容器连接到所述塔。
进一步提供一种风力涡轮机,其具有一机舱和一叶片转子毂,所述叶片转子毂邻近所述机舱。一主轴连接到所述叶片转子毂和所述机舱。此外,一发电机连接到所述机舱和所述毂间的所述轴,所述发电机具有一壳,所述壳包含一发电机转子和一定子,所述发电机转子邻近所述轴,所述定子邻近所述转子且自其径向向外放置。一圆柱滚柱轴承连接在所述轴和所述壳之间,邻近所述机舱。一第二轴承连接在所述轴和所述壳之间,邻近所述毂。
此外,提供一种用于自一风力涡轮机转换电力的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:使用风旋转叶片。使一发电机旋转以及用所述发电机产生电。用一塔支撑所述发电机,以及邻近所述发电机悬置一变压器。通过接触所述变压器来阻尼所述塔的运动,以及通过所述变压器传输所述电。
从下面详细的描述以及附图中,本领域技术人员将认识和理解到以上所述的和其它的特征。
附图说明
现在参考附图,该附图意图为示例性的而非限制性的,其中相同的标号表示相同的元件:
图1为示出本发明的直接驱动的风力涡轮机的平面视图;
图2是图1的风力涡轮机的侧视平面视图;
图3是图1的风力涡轮机截面的局部的侧视平面视图。
具体实施方式
可用许多不同的方法产生电力。最普遍的方法涉及使用基于矿物或核的燃料使水沸腾。由沸腾产生的蒸汽用于使涡轮机旋转,其驱动电动机来产生电力。尽管这些普遍的方法是很有效的,然而其还具有不期望的负面效果,例如有毒污染物的产生,或依赖于正减少的自然资源。一产生电力的可替代方法为,利用可再生的自然资源例如风作为驱动力使电动机旋转来产生电。
参考图1和图2,显示出风力涡轮机10,其能够产生100kw到2000kW范围的电力。风力涡轮机10包括塔12,其通过到钢和混凝土基础的螺栓连接件锚定到地。在塔12的相对端上安装机舱14,其绕塔12旋转,允许头锥体(nose cone)16和多个叶片18面向风。如本文中更详细地描述,发电机20位于头锥体16和机舱间,其允许机舱的尺寸最小化,同时还允许所有必要的电力电子装置(power electronics)和控制器设置在机舱14本身中或邻近塔12的顶部设置。
一般对于此尺寸的涡轮机,塔12高度在20米和100米之间,且由锥形的管状钢构成,该管状钢在地面处直径达4米,在顶部直径达1-2米。锥形的管状钢塔截面构造成方便在其使用位置风力涡轮机10的运输和组装。可替换地,该塔可由支承桁架结构或由混凝土部件(concrete section)制成。在优选实施例中,有三个涡轮叶片18,其长度为10-45米,绕头锥体16相等间隔。尽管该叶片可由任何合适的材料制成,然而一般上使用玻璃纤维增强塑料或环氧树脂以降低重量,同时仍提供抵抗风载荷所需要的必要的机械强度。为了降低风力涡轮机10的复杂度,优选地,叶片18为固定间距类型,尽管也可用可变间距的叶片。
转向图3,更详细的描述机舱14和发电机20。机舱14具有:底板22,其形成机舱14的底面;和盖15,其围绕底板22。底板22安装到偏航轴承(yaw bearing)24上,其安装到塔12的顶部。偏航轴承24允许机舱相对于塔12旋转,以允许叶片18相对风正确地定向,确保了最大化能量产生。偏航驱动装置26安装在机舱14内,驱动与偏航轴承24外环上的齿轮齿35相互作用的小齿轮28,以提供旋转该结构的必需的力。控制器62接收自风传感器66的关于风向的信息,其启动偏航驱动装置26。风力涡轮机的安全系统使用风速计27。每当风速超过了预定的安全值,风力涡轮机停止运转。一般的停止运转的风速为25米/秒。在优选实施例中,由于期望将自机舱14的电力传输到高压输电线网以降低所需要的线缆的尺寸,因此变压器30由链条29悬置在塔12内,底板22下。应该理解,变压器30可由任何合适的装置,优选地由允许有些弯曲来补偿风力涡轮机的振动的装置安装到底板22上。
通过将变压器安装在塔12内、机舱14下,允许变压器30与机舱14旋转,同时降低了所需要的机舱尺寸。优选地,变压器30还在中心处具有开口31,允许维修人员从塔内12进入机舱14。在可替换实施例中,该变压器尺寸制造成允许变压器20与塔12之间周期性的接触,这用作于机械地阻尼掉塔可出现的任何振动。变压器30可以为可适合于风力涡轮机的任何电类型,包括干式和充油、三相Y形或三相三角形、高压或低压。在另一可替换实施例中,变压器为矩形且放置在塔12中的一侧,以允许维修人员进入机舱14中。在另一可替换实施例中,变压器悬置在安装到塔12的粘性流体池中,以提供塔12的任何振动的粘性阻尼。
变压器30通过线缆33连接到电力电子装置32,该电力电子装置32安装在机舱14内,一般在盖15上。如下更详细地描述,电力电子装置32从发电机20接收电,以及将可变频率的电转换成与风力涡轮机10所连接的输电线网所需要的频率匹配。对于一般的应用,发电机20产生的频率在10-30Hz之间,以及电力电子装置32使用传统的装置产生输电线网的频率,一般为50Hz或60Hz。电力电子装置32可使用中间转换将自发电机的交流(“AC”)电转换成直流(“DC”)电,之后转换成输电线网频率的AC电。通过控制器命令(未显示)可调整功率吞吐量和终端功率因数。
发电机20包括壳34,其安装到底板22。壳34通过前轴承38和后轴承40连接到主驱动轴36。在优选实施例中,前轴承38为双锥形滚柱轴承,其尺寸制造成承载由叶片18产生的大部分弯矩和轴向推力。可替换地,前轴承38可以为交叉滚柱轴承或三列式滚柱轴承。若需要轴承38本身支撑大的弯矩,那么滚柱之间的距离要大,这需要较大的驱动轴36,其显著地增加了风力涡轮机10的成本。为了使此装置更节省成本,第二后轴承40用于辅助前轴承38承载弯矩。优选地,后轴承40为圆柱式轴承。
通过适当地隔开轴承38、40,可承载由叶片18所产生的力,同时使驱动轴36的尺寸最小化。在优选实施例中。前轴承38和后轴承40间隔的距离等于驱动轴36的直径。发电机52通过毂54安装在轴承38、40之间。转子52邻近定子56,在壳34内旋转。该转子具有电线圈,以直流电给其供电,产生磁场。当轴36由叶片18驱动时,转子52旋转磁场,这在定子56中感应出电流。电流自定子56通过线缆58流到在机舱14中的电力电子装置32。
为了将电流提供给发电机转子56,在驱动轴的端部提供滑环组件42。滑环组件42通过支柱43安装到底板22,该支柱43防止滑环组件42的壳相对轴44旋转。速度传感器60安装在该滑环组件上,该速度传感器60测量轴44的旋转速度。另外,盘46沿轴、邻近壳34、安装到轴36上。在此处于为了更清楚,盘46与制动装置48相互作用,该制动装置48用于减速涡轮叶片。制动装置48可以为任何传统的类型,例如液压、气动或电压启动的卡钳。在优选实施例中,盘46和制动装置48位于壳34中的凹进部分50内,轴36在法兰44处终止,头锥体16安装到该法兰44上。
操作时,涡轮机控制器62从风向传感器66接收表示风向的信息。如果叶片18相对风未正确地定向,那么风力涡轮机控制器62启动并供以偏航驱动装置26动力,其供给一发动机动力,该发动机驱动齿轮28以将机舱14和叶片18旋转到正确的位置。如果具有足够的风驱动叶片18,一般每秒4-25米,那么如本文中以上所述,叶片18的旋转将使轴36和转子52旋转以产生电流。风力涡轮机控制器62周期地,以前一般每秒多次检查风向。
因为由于过高的风速引起风力涡轮机10的过速可损坏发电机,因此期望具有一种使叶片18和轴36减速的装置。与可变间距的涡轮机不同,优选实施例的叶片18具有固定间距,该可变间距的涡轮机具有的叶片可旋转以降低在叶片上所产生的升力的数量。若叶片转子的旋转速度受限,那么固定间距的叶片的气动设计引起在较高的风速下失速以降低升力。在正常状况下,通过使用动力转换器调整发电机的扭矩或调整转子的电流来控制该速度。在出现过速状况的情况下,一般应用两独立的制动系统,其具有使转子停止的能力。第一系统为电动制动装置,其使用电阻器来阻尼能量且在发电机20上产生高的扭矩。第二系统使用机械制动装置48来减速叶片18。在过速状况由速度传感器60或可替换地由邻近主轴的滑环顺风处定位的转动编码器(未显示)检测的情况下,制动装置48上的卡钳49被启动,引起卡钳49接触盘46。制动装置48和盘46之间的合成的摩擦力引起该轴速度降低。通过将该制动装置置于发电机20的凹进部分50内,节省了机舱14中的空间,而没有污染发电机20的部件的风险。通过将此凹进部分放置在发电机20的顺风处,来进一步降低潜在的污染。
尽管已参照优选实施例描述了本发明,然而本领域的技术人员应该理解,在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下,可进行多种改变以及可用等同物替换其的元件。另外,对于本发明的教导,在不脱离其基本范围的情况下,可进行变更以适应特定的情况或材料。因此,其意图在于,本发明并不局限于作为实施本发明的最佳实施方式所公开的具体实施例。

Claims (10)

1.一种风力涡轮机,包括:
一机舱;
一叶片转子毂,其邻近所述机舱;
一主轴,其连接到所述毂和所述机舱;
一发电机,其连接到所述机舱和所述毂间的所述轴,其中所述发电机包括发电机转子和一定子,所述发电机转子邻近所述轴,所述定子邻近所述发电机转子且自其径向向外放置;以及
一制动装置,其连接到所述发电机和所述轴,所述制动装置自所述定子径向向内放置。
2.如权利要求1所述的风力涡轮机,其中所述制动装置进一步包括一盘和至少一个卡钳制动装置,所述盘连接到所述轴,所述卡钳制动装置连接到所述发电机且邻近所述盘放置。
3.如权利要求1所述的风力涡轮机,其中所述发电机进一步包括一壳,其围绕所述转子和定子布置,以及所述壳进一步包括一凹进部分,所述制动装置置于所述凹进部分内。
4.如权利要求3所述的风力涡轮机,其进一步包括:
一偏航驱动装置,其在所述机舱中,邻近偏航轴承;和
一电力电子模块,所述电力电子模块位于所述机舱内,且电连接到所述发电机和变压器。
5.一种风力涡轮机,包括:
一机舱;
一叶片转子毂,其邻近所述机舱;
一主轴,其连接到所述毂和所述机舱;
一发电机,其连接到所述机舱和所述毂间的所述轴,其中所述发电机具有一壳,所述壳包含一发电机转子和一定子,所述发电机转子邻近所述轴,所述定子邻近所述发电机转子且自其径向向外放置;
一圆柱滚柱轴承,其连接在所述轴和所述壳之间,邻近所述机舱;以及
一第二轴承,其连接在所述轴和所述壳之间,邻近所述毂。
6.如权利要求5所述的风力涡轮机,其中所述第二轴承为一双锥形滚柱轴承。
7.如权利要求6所述的风力涡轮机,其中所述圆柱滚柱轴承和所述第二轴承间隔的距离大于所述轴的直径。
8.一种用于自一风力涡轮机转换电力的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:
使用风旋转叶片;
使一发电机旋转;
用所述发电机产生电;
用一塔支撑所述发电机;
邻近所述发电机悬置一变压器;
通过接触所述变压器,阻尼所述塔的运动;
通过所述变压器传输所述电。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其进一步包括转换所述电的频率的步骤。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其进一步包括下面的步骤:旋转所述风力涡轮机,从而所述叶片面向所述风,以及将一制动装置应用于所述发电机。
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